DIRECTIONS: Using letters A, B, and C, arrange the stages/steps on how the different techniques/tools in genetic engineering work.

1. MAKING A RECOMBINANT DNA
_____ Sticky ends are joined by DNA ligase
_____ Restriction enzymes cut the desired DNA sequence
_____ Study and determine the specific gene needed

2. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION / MAKING DNA COPIES
_____ DNA polymerase starts making copies
_____ “primers” provide a lace for DNA polymerase
_____ DNA is heated to separate the strands and cooled to bind

3. TRANSFORMING BACTERIA
_____ Insert a human gene into plasmid / bacterial DNA
_____ The recombinant DNA is inserted in the bacterial cell
_____ The bacteria can produce the human protein

4. TRANSFORMING PLANT CELLS _____ The plasmid can be used to infect plant cells that take up DNA on its own
_____ Insert a piece of foreign DNA into the plasmid
_____ Inactivate the tumor-producing gene of a bacterium

5. TRANSFORMING ANIMAL CELLS _____ The host gene may lose (knocked out) sequences in between
_____ DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that may recombine with specific sequences
_____ The knocked-out gene is replaced with a new gene​