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Emigration is a multifaceted social, economic, and political phenomenon. The current ‘emigration climate’ is partly shaped by the migration policies of sending and receiving countries, while postcolonial migration pathways often reflect historical links based on ties with former colonial metropolises, military occupation, as well as trade and investment flows. Among African countries, for example, Zairians emigrate to Belgium, Senegalese to France, and Nigerians to the United Kingdom. However, historical and geographical relationships are no longer the primary drivers of migration; instead, there are changing poles of attraction which add considerable complexity to the current patterns of movement.
Globalization dynamics have widened the gap between the developed and developing world through the increasing concentration of capital encouraged by foreign direct investment, and this has in turn created new conditions for mobilization that has spurred unprecedented population movements. For example, Mexican emigration, one of the largest in volume in the contemporary world, cannot be decoupled from Mexico's insertion into the world economy: on the one hand, high levels of unemployment, low wages, deterioration of agricultural resources, and overall economic instability in Mexico impel movement out of the country, whereas, on the otherhand, greater income inequality, demand for cheap labor, and the territorial and economic reorganization of the US economy combined with long-standing social networks between communities on either side of the border, result in ‘pull forces’. Among the underdeveloped island-states in the Caribbean, emigration pressures are clearly linked to structural economic factors such as debilitated institutions, strong macroeconomic imbalances, dilapidated infrastructure, depleted productive assets, and pervasive poverty. However, emigration decisions (as in the case of the Anglophone Caribbean) are not just tied to negative economic pressures but must also be understood in the context of historical linkages, social networks, and the degree of success in establishing transnational communities in host countries. Emigration hence does not signal permanent departure, but forms a part of circular migration based on the formation of highly interactive transnational households linked by to-and-fro movements of people and circuits of remittances, commodities, care, and emotions.
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