Answer:
A variety of 'objective' measures have been developed in order to estimate biodiversity from field observations. The basic idea of a biodiversity index is to obtain a quantitative estimate of biological variability in space or in time that can be used to compare biological entities, composed of diverse components. It is important to distinguish ‘richness’ from ‘diversity’. Diversity usually implies a measure of both species number and ‘equitability’ (or ‘evenness’). Three types of indices can be distinguished:
1. Species richness indices: Species richness is a measure for the total number of the species in a community (examples Fig. 1a). However, complete inventories of all species present at a certain location, is an almost unattainable goal in practical applications.
2. Evenness indices: Evenness expresses how evenly the individuals in a community are distributed among the different species (examples Fig.1b).
Fig. 1a. Schematic visualization of the species richness, with respectively 5 and 10 species.
Fig. 1b. Schematic visualization of differences in evenness for 5 species.
3. Taxonomic indices: These indices take into account the taxonomic relation between different organisms in a community. Taxonomic diversity, for example, reflects the average taxonomic distance between any two organisms, chosen at random from a sample. The distance can be seen as the length of the path connecting these two organisms along the branches of a phylogenetic tree.
These three types of indices can be used on different spatial scales [1]:
Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem, and is usually measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species level);
Beta diversity is species diversity between ecosystems; this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems. For example, the diversity of mangroves versus the diversity of seagrass beds;
Gamma diversity is a measure of the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region. For example, the diversity within the coastal region of Gazi Bay in Kenia.
